美国的军校制度

晨枫

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6 c" J* e# |; u9 d7 H% x# {军迷没有不想往西点军校的，但又很少不被美国各种军校（school）、军事学院（academy）和军事大学（college、university）弄糊涂的，更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来，美国军事教育制度又完整，又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育，另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。
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军种学院（Federal Service Academies），毕业生直接进入现役，美国海运学院除外：
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United States Military Academy（俗称西点军校，位于纽约州西点，里纽约市不远）
9 Z# a* L. o$ i- c3 s5 gUnited States Naval Academy（俗称安纳波利斯海军学院，位于马里兰州安纳波利斯）
$ F" k' r+ n9 w8 a; n. w' H: o' sUnited States Air Force Academy（一般就直译为美国空军学院，位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉）
& }1 Q1 C# J5 M0 g4 rUnited States Coast Guard Academy（美国海岸警卫队学院，位于康涅狄格州新伦敦）
6 S' \8 q- t4 W% NUnited States Merchant Marine Academy（美国海运学院，院长是现已海军少将，毕业生从事航运业，但并非海军军官，位于纽约州金角）

8 n' P  o8 X% A, z- c5 R高级军事学院（Senior Military Colleges），用于训练预备军官团，毕业生按需要成为现役，其余进入预备役：
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4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生，这里public指公立，不一定是对非军人开放
" W8 R0 ^  `7 H0 }0 C7 o7 wThe Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college)
Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)
6 c3 ~1 [3 }' _. [University of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)
" l6 |4 H& A7 g" i& X  I, LVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)

1个只收ROTC学生
5 b  n# s  S$ L4 @& |5 v  N! BVirginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college)，巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生

; L! t3 V6 l" N: ^/ n- n1个军民兼收的私立
, u) {, W8 @8 {* D5 Z$ ?Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university)

州立海运学院，毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务，但是挂钩的：
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California State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)
; ]* I. B' {; c: mGreat Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)
Maine Maritime Academy
/ D8 A( M0 _. Z; i* CMassachusetts Maritime Academy
% j2 Q, w" l4 t! T1 z! }State University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)
Texas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System)

军事大专（Military Junior Colleges），这是很特别的东西，两年毕业，但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格：

Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)
8 `8 F& }7 Z# F' w5 ]Marion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico)
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)

还有一大堆军事高中，为进军校准备的，都是私立的：
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Admiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)
9 @7 R  w) h& b) O4 K( S9 W# aAmerican Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)
' D5 ]4 C: `- J; |Army and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)
Benedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)
Camden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)
% j1 }% J* n% i) BCulver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)
. y4 w" d0 _  W4 y& uFishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)
Florida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)
4 H4 Z* y/ @) V+ S. ~Fork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
/ a& D( v5 K/ n. }( R4 zHowe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)
La Salle Institute (Troy, New York)
! F6 X; p2 l! ^' q2 M0 @% }+ X/ aLeonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)
  z+ p5 @) ^6 G( I! Y9 JLyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama)
Marine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)
% X& g4 z. s3 E6 fMassanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)
Missouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)
New York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational)
North Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)
& a, O6 [: r) Y: U3 l: ^Oak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational)
Randolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)
+ m5 g" p; j: ]; |/ ERiverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia)
San Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)
% u8 U" n; v" [4 _Saint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)
St. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)
St. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational)
' |; |( T* W/ l9 W& q3 N/ RSt. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)
St. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)
Southeastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)
TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)

6 O- b, W  N* \1 X4 p8 o更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC（青少年ROTC）项目，在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练，为以后参军做准备：

) n# n9 @4 {$ h" Q0 F% IAir Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois)
! K- Z/ b& i& \' k3 M# s# pBridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
: I( j8 _2 Q! ^1 S5 L1 kCarver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
' m6 M0 B5 J( B" P7 tChicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Cleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)
Delaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)
First State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)
, k7 |# P7 @* \# h, D% JFranklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]
' O* O% `7 H/ p6 c9 J! [Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)
Hollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)
! f/ O) H5 l8 n( v9 Y% f/ t4 D" M- ZKenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]
Marine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey)
; z( w- l$ C4 }/ GMarine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)
New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Oakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)
Philadelphia Military Academy[3]
- t, ]3 ]& F# p5 k! s4 C  FPhoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Rickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
! I) N) ~* B0 @, GSarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida)
Summerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)
Utah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)

在另一头，则是各军种的研究生院：
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* n9 g, P) b7 Q1 I# hUnited States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas)，陆军中级军官学校，下设School for Command Preparation，School of Advanced Military Studies，Command and General Staff School，School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics，郝柏村是这里毕业的
6 F& d) p2 N( C. jUnited States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)，陆军高级军官学校，招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校
0 v3 T* F+ f% F9 b6 RUnited States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)
/ K4 }5 _- |& X) \1 d7 L# cNaval War College (Newport, Rhode Island)，海军中高级军官学校，偏重指挥，下设College of Naval Warfare，Maritime Advanced Warfighting School，College of Naval Command and Staff
Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California)，更加偏重科技方面
: M- y8 l2 I& QMarine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)
Air University (Montgomery, Alabama)，空军中高级军官学校的统一架构，下设Air War College，空军高级军官学校；School of Advanced Air and Space Studies，空天战争的研究生院；Air Command and Staff College，空军中级军官学校；Squadron Officer School，中队长学校；Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio)，偏重科技
! q$ K: V9 |$ }$ ~. j" G/ j1 RNational Defense University (Washington, D.C.)，三军联合，下设National War College，联合作战高级军官学校；Industrial College of the Armed Forces，偏重军工管理；Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia)，联合作战中级军官学校
9 |$ J( ~3 B, {/ D' M* p1 jMarine Corps University (Quantico, VA)，陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构，下设Marine Corps War College，陆战队高级军官学校；School of Advanced Warfighting，陆战队的战术研究生班；Marine Corps Command and Staff College，陆战队中级军官学校；Expeditionary Warfare School，陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校
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4 j! i9 k' v3 t; D各种专门学校（如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……）就数不胜数了，也经常在变动中。

3 g: g+ }% t9 e% A  P) n) e绕晕了吗？我也是。

liuqing098

土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

晨枫

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:06
+ o% E- v1 t6 B! S) ]( \$ D) Z土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

好像不是，TG还是苏联式军校体制。

牛腰

Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧，一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了

cooker

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

+ S7 g# s6 C( d! D5 Z2 G3 H土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html)，比以前少了很多，主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年，连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变，其体制沿革足可以写书了，更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校，说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义，但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。

晨枫

牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00
  N: f  V9 E& Q, aVirginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧，一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...

他的军衔更高，政治成就更大，但作为军人，他的战功好像不突出？

牛腰

晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:10
他的军衔更高，政治成就更大，但作为军人，他的战功好像不突出？

- M( s$ F' u$ H+ g. p是的，他是参谋型的军官，对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上，他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
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VMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人

晨枫

牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:28
是的，他是参谋型的军官，对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上，他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。

VMI最有 ...

" Q7 T. a# ~, F* q嗯，怎么把他给忘了？不应该

liuqing098

cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01
土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html)，比以前少 ...

不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。
赞这个观点。
! t% R% n* C7 P6 t6 d. K4 }以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的，也是很赞的。

中关村88楼

老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

晨枫

中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

呃，这个确实漏掉了，多谢补充

漂流瓶

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:30
- i* c' {3 X% O; L8 Q不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。
赞这个观点。
3 p+ c5 w3 r3 m( i0 D; q以前在天 ...

, g# t; G/ G/ I) U5 ^5 W' K. }应该是西西河的票姚校尉

liuqing098

漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:09
: h! ^% S; e# X8 ]- W应该是西西河的票姚校尉

( Q. J4 Y+ L! o对。就是他。当时感慨不已。