【转贴+翻译】我训练韩国飞行员的经历
本帖最后由 holycow 于 2013-7-13 22:02 编辑Low-down on Korean pilots，原文出处pprune.org，翻译是我做的，删掉一段技术含量过高的文字。
After I retired from UAL as a Standards Captain on the -400, I got a job as a simulator instructor working for Alteon (a Boeing subsidiary) at Asiana. When I first got there, I was shocked and surprised by the lack of basic piloting skills shown by most of the pilots. It is not a normal situation with normal progression from new hire, right seat, left seat taking a decade or two. One big difference is that ex-Military pilots are given super-seniority and progress to the left seat much faster. Compared to the US, they also upgrade fairly rapidly because of the phenomenal growth by all Asian air carriers. By the way, after about six months at Asiana, I was moved over to KAL and found them to be identical. The only difference was the color of the uniforms and airplanes. I worked in Korea for 5 long years and although I found most of the people to be very pleasant, it is a minefield of a work environment ... for them and for us expats.
我从美联航波音747-400机长教员的位置上退休后，在波音的子公司Alteon谋了个模拟器教官的职位，训练韩亚的飞行员。我刚到那里的时候真的被震惊了，绝大多数的飞行员缺乏基本的飞行技术。在韩国一个飞行员不象美国这边一样花上十几二十年从菜鸟升到副驾驶再升到机长，其中一个区别是韩国空军的退役飞行员晋升机长要快得多；另一个因素是亚洲航空公司的增长比美国快，相应的飞行员晋升也快。在韩亚干了六个月后，我转而训练大韩的飞行员，然后发现这些人都是一路货，唯一不同的是制服和飞机的颜色。我在韩国工作了五年，虽然我碰到的韩国人大多数很友善，但从工作环境来说那地方真是个地雷阵，不论对韩国人还是外国人而言。
One of the first things I learned was that the pilots kept a web-site and reported on every training session. I dont think this was officially sanctioned by the company, but after one or two simulator periods, a database was building on me (and everyone else) that told them exactly how I ran the sessions, what to expect on checks, and what to look out for. For example; I used to open an aft cargo door at 100 knots to get them to initiate an RTO and I would brief them on it during the briefing. This was on the B-737 NG and many of the captains were coming off the 777 or B744 and they were used to the Master Caution System being inhibited at 80 kts. Well, for the first few days after I started that, EVERYONE rejected the takeoff. Then, all of a sudden they all got it; and continued the takeoff (in accordance with their manuals). The word had gotten out. I figured it was an overall PLUS for the training program.
我最早的发现之一是飞行员们自己搞了一个网站，互相通气培训中发生了什么。我倒不认为公司公开地支持鼓励这种行为，但是一两堂模拟器课程下来，就有一个关于我 (当然其他教员也跑不了) 的个人数据库：我是怎样上课的，检查的时候喜欢查些什么，什么方面要特别小心等等。我曾经在起飞滑跑速度100节的时候模拟打开后货舱的门，等着学员中断起飞，然后我在讲评中再指出他们的错误。培训的机型是737NG，很多受训机长是从777或747-400改型号的，他们的老习惯是速度在80节以上时总警报已经被关闭了。一开始几天，所有学员都中断了起飞；几天后，后来的人全都开了窍一样，按照公司手册继续起飞。当然是他们互相交换了信息，好在这也达到了我的目的，对培训算是件好事。
We expat instructors were forced upon them after the amount of fatal accidents (most of the them totally avoidable) over a decade began to be noticed by the outside world. They were basically given an ultimatum by the FAA, Transport Canada, and the EU to totally rebuild and rethink their training program or face being banned from the skies all over the world. They hired Boeing and Airbus to staff the training centers. KAL has one center and Asiana has another. When I was there (2003-2008) we had about 60 expats conducting training KAL and about 40 at Asiana. Most instructors were from the USA, Canada, Australia, or New Zealand with a few stuffed in from Europe and Asia. Boeing also operated training centers in Singapore and China so they did hire some instructors from there.
用我们这些外国教官，对他们来说是不得已而为之。十来年里连续不断的致命事故 (绝大部分是可以避免的) 使外界注意到韩国恶劣的民航安全记录。FAA，加拿大运输部和欧盟对韩国人发了最后通牒 -- 如果他们不能彻底改变现有的飞行员培训课程，韩国的民航机会被禁止在上述国家领空飞行。于是韩国人聘请了波音和空客的教官来他们的培训中心执教，大韩有一个培训中心，韩亚有另外一个。我在那边的时候(2003 - 2008) 大概有60个外国教员在大韩，40个在韩亚。多数教员来自美国，加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰，少数来自欧洲和亚洲。波音在新加坡和中国设有培训中心，所以他们也从那边雇一些人过来。
This solution has only been partially successful but still faces ingrained resistance from the Koreans. I lost track of the number of highly qualified instructors I worked with who were fired because they tried to enforce normal standards of performance. By normal standards, I would include being able to master basic tasks like successfully shoot a visual approach with 10 kt crosswind and the weather CAVOK. I am not kidding when I tell you that requiring them to shoot a visual approach struck fear in their hearts ... with good reason. Like this Asiana crew, it didnt compute that you needed to be a 1000 AGL at 3 miles and your sink rate should be 600-800 Ft/Min. But, after 5 years, they finally nailed me. I still had to sign my name to their training and sometimes if I just couldnt pass someone on a check, I had no choice but to fail them. I usually busted about 3-5 crews a year and the resistance against me built. I finally failed an extremely incompetent crew and it turned out he was the a high-ranking captain who was the Chief Line Check pilot on the fleet I was teaching on. I found out on my next monthly trip home that KAL was not going to renew my Visa. The crew I failed was given another check and continued a fly while talking about how unfair Captain so-and-so was.
这个办法只是部分有效，并且仍然面临韩国人的抵抗。我已经记不清有多少优秀的教官同事因为坚持正常的考核标准而被解雇了。我说的正常的考核标准是指如下基本技巧 -- 在晴朗天气，侧风10节的条件下的目视进近。不开玩笑，让他们飞一个目视进近会把他们吓死...他们也有理由被吓死。就像这次的韩亚机组，他们根本就不会速算距离3英里时高度应该是1000英尺，下降率应该是每分钟600-800英尺。每次培训完之后我都得在培训记录上签名，如果考核时我实在没法让某人过关，那我别无选择，只能关掉他；我通常一年关掉3-5个人，因此对我的不满和抵抗也越来越强烈。到了第五年，他们终于逮到我了。我关掉了一个极其不称职的，结果那个家伙是我培训机队的首席检查机长。我下一次回美国的时候，大韩拒绝再帮我延长工作签证。那个被我关掉的家伙通过了第二次考核，继续在那里飞行，并到处说某某教官太不公平。
This Asiana SFO accident makes me sick and while I am surprised there are not more, I expect that there will be many more of the same type accidents in the future unless some drastic steps are taken. They are already required to hire a certain percentage of expats to try to ingrain more flying expertise in them, but more likely, they will eventually be fired too. One of the best trainees I ever had was a Korean/American (he grew up and went to school in the USA) who flew C-141s in the USAF. When he got out, he moved back to Korea and got hired by KAL. I met him when I gave him some training and a check on the B-737 and of course, he breezed through the training. I give him annual PCs for a few years and he was always a good pilot. Then, he got involved with trying to start a pilots union and when they tired to enforce some sort of duty rigs on international flights, he was fired after being arrested and JAILED!
这次韩亚在旧金山的事故让我感到愤怒；让我惊讶的是他们出这种事只有一次，如果不采取坚决措施的话，我看这种事故将来还会出很多次。他们已经雇佣一定比例的外国飞行员来给飞行员队伍注入经验，可是这些外国人不合作的话很可能也会被炒掉。我训练的一个最优秀的学员是个在美国长大和读书的韩国人，他曾经在美国空军里飞C-141。退役以后他回到韩国加入大韩。我给他做过737培训，那些课程对他都是小菜一碟。以后好几年我都做他的年度检查，他是个好飞行员。然后这小子试图组织一个飞行员工会，试图让公司严格执行飞行员在国际航线上的执勤时间限制。他们把他逮捕下狱，然后炒了他！
The Koreans are very very bright and smart so I was puzzled by their inability to fly an airplane well. They would show up on Day 1 of training (an hour before the scheduled briefing time, in a 3-piece suit, and shined shoes) with the entire contents of the FCOM and Flight Manual totally memorized. But, putting that information to actual use was many times impossible. Crosswind landings are also an unsolvable puzzle for most of them. I never did figure it out completely, but I think I did uncover a few clues. Here is my best guess. First off, their educational system emphasizes ROTE memorization from the first day of school as little kids. As you know, that is the lowest form of learning and they act like robots. They are also taught to NEVER challenge authority and in spite of the flight training heavily emphasizing CRM/CLR, it still exists either on the surface or very subtly. You just cant change 3000 years of culture.
韩国人是很聪明的，所以我无法理解为什么他们不能飞好飞机。他们会在培训的第一天提前一个小时到达，穿着整齐的三件套，皮鞋擦得锃亮；此时他们已经把整本的飞行手册都倒背如流了。然而，要运用这些知识对他们来说就是另一码事，很多时候是不可能的任务。侧风着陆对他们中的大多数是解不开的谜团，我从来就没有搞明白这是为什么，不过我起码知道些头绪：首先，他们的教育体系从入学第一天起就强调死记硬背，死记硬背是最低级的学习方式，而从小到大这样教出来的人只会象机器人一样行动。他们的教育也灌输不要挑战权威，所以尽管有那些座舱资源管理的培训，这一点仍然存在。江山易改，本性难移，三千年的文化没法一夜之间改变。
The other thing that I think plays an important role is the fact that there is virtually NO civil aircraft flying in Korea. Its actually illegal to own a Cessna-152 and just go learn to fly. Ultra-lights and Powered Hang Gliders are Ok. I guess they dont trust the people to not start WW III by flying 35 miles north of Inchon into North Korea. But, they dont get the kids who grew up flying (and thinking for themselves) and hanging around airports. They do recruit some kids from college and send then to the US or Australia and get them their tickets. Generally, I had better experience with them than with the ex-Military pilots. This was a surprise to me as I spent years as a Naval Aviator flying fighters after getting my private in light airplanes. I would get experienced F-4, F-5, F-15, and F-16 pilots who were actually terrible pilots if they had to hand fly the airplane. What a shock!
其次，在韩国几乎没有民间的飞行活动。买一架塞斯纳学飞行是非法的，只有超轻型飞机和滑翔伞才成。我想他们怕有人从仁川起飞往北35英里，然后第三次世界大战就爆发了。所以他们国家没有从小在机场边长大和飞机打交道的孩子，他们只是从大学里招几个人，把他们送到美国和澳大利亚拿个商业执照。总体说来，他们比那些空军退役飞行员还强些。我本人以前是海军飞行员，所以这实在让我吃惊。我培训的学员里有退役的F-4，F-5, F-15和F-16飞行员，你要他们手动操纵飞机时才发现他们是糟糕的飞行员。怎么会这样！
Finally, I'll get off my box and talk about the total flight hours they claim. I do accept that there are a few talented and free-thinking pilots that I met and trained in Korea. Some are still in contact and I consider them friends. They were a joy! But, they were few and far between and certainly not the norm.
最后，我提一下他们的所谓飞行经验小时数。我在韩国也培训过有才华，能独立思考的飞行员，我和其中一些现在仍保持联系。但是，他们是异类，不是常态。
Actually, this is a worldwide problem involving automation and the auto-flight concept. Take one of these new first officers that got his ratings in the US or Australia and came to KAL or Asiana with 225 flight hours. After takeoff, in accordance with their SOP, he calls for the autopilot to be engaged after takeoff. How much actual flight time is that? Hardly one minute. Then he might fly for hours on the autopilot and finally disengage it (MAYBE?) below 800 ft after the gear was down, flaps extended and on airspeed (autothrottle). Then he might bring it in to land. Again, how much real flight time or real experience did he get. Minutes! Of course, on the 777 or 747, its the same only they get more inflated logbooks.
飞行的自动化是一个世界性的问题。看看那些从美国或澳大利亚拿了个商照，积累了225个飞行小时进入大韩或韩亚的菜鸟飞行员们。每次起飞以后，按照公司的标准操作程序，他接通自动驾驶仪。这是多少实际飞行小时？一分钟而已。然后飞机在自动驾驶仪的操控下飞几个小时，最后在800英尺以下，襟翼和起落架已经放下，由自动油门保持着速度，他解除自动驾驶操纵飞机着陆。这家伙飞一次总共积累了多少实际经验？几分钟而已。当然在越洋的777或747上，飞行小时数的通货膨胀更加厉害。
So, when I hear that a 10,000 hour Korean captain was vectored in for a 17-mile final and cleared for a visual approach in CAVOK weather, it raises the hair on the back of my neck.
所以，当我听说一个一万小时飞行经验的韩国机长，在大好的天气条件下从17英里外目视进近，我立时感到毛骨悚然。
靠，棒航真是太可怕了
{:195:}
最后一段的情况应该在各国都存在吧？现在飞行员应该是能用自动驾驶就自动驾驶，飞个越洋时间就嗖嗖地加。
说到棒子只知道死记硬背，不敢挑战权威，以及国内几乎没有民间飞行的问题，中国似乎也有类似的问题。老外们有没有对中国飞行员的评论？ 本帖最后由 holycow 于 2013-7-13 20:52 编辑
空气精灵 发表于 2013-7-13 20:14 static/image/common/back.gif
最后一段的情况应该在各国都存在吧？现在飞行员应该是能用自动驾驶就自动驾驶，飞个越洋时间就嗖嗖地加。
...
这个人没到过中国，其他人有评价的也没好太多，象你说的，好多文化背景是一样的，症结也差不多。
关键区别是中国飞行员手动飞行经验比较多，象xlan1976那天说的他们公司规定最后建立目视参考后必须解除自动驾驶和自动油门人工飞行。还有一点是和外方教官配对飞行时中国飞行员的求知欲和进取心都比较强，而韩国人还是一如既往地呆若木鸡。 以后坐棒韩要带降落伞 这太TM吓人了丝米达 有两个体会
1是棒子考试很厉害
2是开飞机和开手动挡的汽车是一样的，起步的时候和停止的时候，事情比较多，容易熄火。 再也不能座他们的飞机！！！ 为什么战斗机飞行员反而不行 路人癸 发表于 2013-7-13 21:50 static/image/common/back.gif
为什么战斗机飞行员反而不行
这段我也觉得奇怪，而且作者明显是在指人工飞行技术而不是遵守规章制度。要是棒子的战斗机飞行员都这样还打哪门子仗？{:191:} 有这么恐怖么？要说文化，那中国和日本不也和韩国一样？
开飞机不知道，但整体感觉日本人都超级仔细认真，技术很好呀。 空气精灵 发表于 2013-7-14 12:14 static/image/common/back.gif
最后一段的情况应该在各国都存在吧？现在飞行员应该是能用自动驾驶就自动驾驶，飞个越洋时间就嗖嗖地加。
...
我基本上控制到平飞阶段才接通自动驾驶，而且在任何改变飞行姿态的后都立刻执行飞行检查单，飞过导航点前后也要进行检查单检查。通常没有超过30节风切变或能见度极低的情况，基本不会建立盲降。
路人癸 发表于 2013-7-14 13:50 static/image/common/back.gif
为什么战斗机飞行员反而不行
战斗机飞行员大部分时间练习的是特技飞行，起降都有近地台或塔台引导，啥时候放轮都有人指挥。 包子 发表于 2013-7-14 14:51 static/image/common/back.gif
我基本上控制到平飞阶段才接通自动驾驶，而且在任何改变飞行姿态的后都立刻执行飞行检查单，飞过导航点前 ...
包子居然是飞行员？！！！ 路人癸 发表于 2013-7-14 13:50 static/image/common/back.gif
为什么战斗机飞行员反而不行
民航机反应慢，通常等感觉到不对的时候，就没有机会纠正了
民航机飞行员的理想情况是能让舱内乘客感觉舒适，要是动不动就急爬升、水平盘旋，估计飞机还没落地，因为心脏病而挂掉的人就不少了
操作习惯的问题。 holycow 发表于 2013-7-14 12:19 static/image/common/back.gif
这个人没到过中国，其他人有评价的也没好太多，象你说的，好多文化背景是一样的，症结也差不多。
关键区 ...
嗯，这个嘛，的确这里所说的很多问题在我们这里一样存在{:198:}
比如说民用航空群众基础的问题，我们这里一样有很多从业人员甚至一直到参加工作才真正开始了解飞机是怎么回事。。许多飞行员也就是有个商业飞机的执照，并没有多少轻型飞机、通用类飞机的驾驶经验，不过这一点上可能也就美国的飞行员解决的比较好。。{:214:}
我觉得如果从文化习惯的角度上说，我们每个人的独立意识还是比较强，对权威的盲从意识比较淡，起码在关系到自己性命的问题上总要有能说服自己的理由才肯信。。
另外就是中国人心算能力世界第一，凡是涉及到计算的问题都难不倒我们{:191:} holycow 发表于 2013-7-14 13:53 static/image/common/back.gif
这段我也觉得奇怪，而且作者明显是在指人工飞行技术而不是遵守规章制度。要是棒子的战斗机飞行员都这样还 ...
所以这个老美的飞行员也觉得不可思议啊{:198:} 看来韩国航班是不能座了:L 要是南棒的空军飞行员水平就这个样子的话，白瞎了那些“泡菜鹰”和“泡菜隼”了！ holycow 发表于 2013-7-14 13:53 static/image/common/back.gif
这段我也觉得奇怪，而且作者明显是在指人工飞行技术而不是遵守规章制度。要是棒子的战斗机飞行员都这样还 ...
难不成，棒子空军只会飞空中编队？哪可是好靶子吆{:191:}