2016-12-28 普林斯顿大学是美国大学中的另类，以培养学生的独立思考能力为傲，是最藤的藤校。普林斯顿大学注重本科教育，比较出名的是就餐俱乐部，她的建筑学院的院长是女性。因为妹妹在考虑申请这所大学的建筑系，就对建筑学院的历史稍微做了一点点研究： The study of architecture at Princeton University began in 1832 with a course taught by Professor Joseph Henry, an amateur architect and scientist who later became the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. The course, which covered the history of architecture including the classification of architecture, styles, and marbles, was the first humanities course taught at the College. Henry lectured on the subject until 1837, after which faculty members from various disciplines offered the course on a sporadic basis. The study of architecture continued informally throughout the latter part of the 1870s and into the 1880s. The formal study of architecture returned in 1882 when the Department of Art and Archaeology was founded and Professor Allan Marquand offered a course in the history of Christian architecture. A course on the elements of architecture and historical drawing was offered beginning in 1902, and professional design courses were added to the curriculum in 1915. In the same year a committee was formed to investigate the formation of a School of Architecture. Arrangements had been made to open a School of Architecture in the fall of 1917, but World War I delayed the official opening of the School until 1919. Although the School of Architecture was separate from the Department of Art and Archaeology, the two were closely allied and shared space and teaching staff. In fact, the School was the only architecture program in the country to be so closely integrated with an art history and archaeology program, and it was the only architecture program headed by an historian rather than a professional architect. Thus, the School of Architecture was founded on the belief that architects should have a well-rounded education in liberal studies; approach their profession primarily as an art; understand and appreciate the other arts in relation to architecture; and be taught the science of building construction as a part of their training in design rather than as an end in itself. As the School expanded, more space was required, and a new School of Architecture building was constructed on land adjacent to the Department of Art and Archaeology and the Art Museum. The building, dedicated in October 1963, housed drafting rooms, a freehand drawing room, a classroom, a seminar room, an exhibition gallery, faculty offices with preceptorial areas, a faculty conference room, the Dean’s office, and the Winton Reading Room. In addition, there was space for the offices of the Center of Urban Research and a large sculpture studio and outdoor exhibition court for the Creative Arts Program. In 1965 Robert Geddes was appointed the first Dean of the School of Architecture, succeeding Robert McLaughlin, who had been its Director since 1952. The title of Dean was chosen to better reflect the School of Architecture’s expanding role within the University. Under Geddes’ direction the School of Architecture continued its growth from a small program closely affiliated with the Department of Art and Archaeology to a full-fledged school that related in a broader context to many more departments within the University. This expansion helped the School of Architecture attract a number of notable architects to teach at Princeton whose careers were either well-established or on the rise. Upon his retirement in 1982, Geddes was succeeded by Robert Maxwell, a scholar internationally known for critical writings that examined modern architecture in relationship to contemporary art, literature, and music. Maxwell served as Dean until 1989, when he was succeeded by Ralph Lerner, F.A.I.A., an architect whose practice includes projects in Europe, Asia, and North America. Lerner continued to enhance the excellence of the faculty and the curriculum and to maintain Princeton’s distinguished position. In addition, he reorganized the curriculum for the A.B.degree into a single path with more diverse options for individual students; added courses in Computing and Imaging; restructured the courses in the area of Building Science to reflect advances in that area; introduced Landscape Studies into the undergraduate and graduate curriculum; and began long overdue renovations of selected areas in the Architecture Building. In 2002, Lerner was succeeded by Stanley T. Allen *88, a respected educator and practicing architect, who had previously been Director of the Advanced Architectural Design Program at Columbia University. In 2007, the School completed construction of its first significant addition since the building was constructed in 1962. Designed by the New York firm of ARO (Stephen Cassell '86 and Adam Yarinsky *87), this three story glass and steel pavilion houses a new elevator and public stair, entry lobby, and student lounge space. Through associated program upgrades, the School added new facilities to the building, including a model-making workshop and digital fabrication equipment. Precisely detailed and constructed, the new addition serves as an example of the School's commitment to design excellence. In 2012, Allen was succeeded by Alejandro Zaera-Polo, an internationally renowned architect and scholar, who has been a visiting lecturer in architecture at Princeton since 2008. Zaera-Polo stepped down in 2014 and in May 2015, it was announced that Monica Ponce de Leon, previously dean of theTaubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning at University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, will serve as the dean of the School of Architecture, effective Janurary 1, 2016. Although the School of Architecture has expanded its facility, faculty, and student body over the years, it retains a small size that encourages close contact between faculty members, graduate students, and undergraduates. From the beginning, the School of Architecture’s curriculum has always responded to changes in the profession and in architectural education, providing students with courses that reflect contemporary and emerging issues in architecture. Within this flexible academic framework, the School of Architecture has remained committed to its original goals: providing undergraduates with a well-rounded liberal arts education and a strong basis for additional studies in architecture, and offering graduate students a comprehensive education in design, technology, and the history and theories of architecture .
The "superPAC" is a relatively new beast that emerged as a result of two court rulings, including an important 2010 ruling by the Supreme Court. The "superPAC", which is officially known as an "independent expenditure-only committee", has become an increasingly popular method of influence for special interest groups. The "superPAC" is like a traditional PAC (Political Action Committee) without many of the restrictions. For instance, a "superPAC" can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money for the sole purpose of supporting or opposing political candidates. A "superPAC" can directly attack a political candidate. The only caveat is that a "superPAC" is not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties. The "superPAC" will be an extremely crucial part of the 2012 Presidential election. History of PACs In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt called for campaign finance reform . This led to laws called Acts of Congress intended to: Limit the influence of wealthy individuals and special interest groups ; Regulate campaign spending; and Deter abuses by mandating public disclosure. In 1971, Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA). This Act further defined how a PAC could operate. In the 1972 presidential election abuses still occurred. However, there was no regulatory group to enforce the Act. Congress in 1974 set limits on contributions to PACs and established the Federal Election Commission (FEC). In brief, FEC rules include: A limit for individuals to $5,000 per year for Federal PACs; Corporations and unions may not contribute directly to federal PACs, but can for the administrative costs of a PAC affiliated with the specific corporation or union; Corporate-affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from executives, shareholders, and their families; Contributions from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal, though they may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising; Union-affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from members; Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and pay their own costs. Federal multi-candidate PACs were limited as follows: $5,000 per candidate for each election and primary; $15,000 per political party per year; and $5,000 per PAC per year. In 2000, nearly unlimited spending continued. The billionaire Wyly brothers of Texas "played an instrumental role" when helping their desired candidate Texas Republican George W. Bush via a $2.5-million advertising campaign they financed via a 527 organization . In the 2004 presidential election , campaign donations were via a 527 organization . One organization, Swift Boat "torpedoed" Massachusetts Democrat John Kerry presidential campaign, 2004 and George W. Bush was elected to a second term. A reported $9.45 million came from three private individuals. Swift Boat's was cited as a front group for Republican interests. Details of the influence of wealthy individuals to control the course of elections became more clear in reports like one that documented the Wyly Brothers of Texas alone had made millions in campaign contributions to 200 Republican Candidates. In the 2010 case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , the Supreme Court ruled PACs may accept unlimited contributions from individuals, unions, and corporations (both for profit and not-for-profit) for the purpose of making independent expenditures. The 2010 ruling made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures. Because direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns are still prohibited, such organizations seeking to contribute to federal candidate campaigns must still rely on traditional PACs for that purpose. However, they may spend money independently of campaigns without forming a PAC. During the 2012 election cycle, the exact boundary that defines when a campaign contribution is truly independent versus a coordinated one was lampooned on comedy shows, debated publicly and became the subject of additional Federal Court cases.
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