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标题: 美国的军校制度 [打印本页]

作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 02:15
标题: 美国的军校制度
本帖最后由 晨枫 于 2020-6-20 14:00 编辑
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军迷没有不想往西点军校的,但又很少不被美国各种军校(school)、军事学院(academy)和军事大学(college、university)弄糊涂的,更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来,美国军事教育制度又完整,又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育,另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。
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军种学院(Federal Service Academies),毕业生直接进入现役,美国海运学院除外:# u( ]; C* L, m9 e
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United States Military Academy(俗称西点军校,位于纽约州西点,里纽约市不远)
" B& S5 v6 Q% v; ?0 |* e/ Y5 QUnited States Naval Academy(俗称安纳波利斯海军学院,位于马里兰州安纳波利斯)1 {' n8 T- X8 E$ m6 H) E3 M
United States Air Force Academy(一般就直译为美国空军学院,位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉)
) ~: C7 j( F/ G- DUnited States Coast Guard Academy(美国海岸警卫队学院,位于康涅狄格州新伦敦)" @! J1 q# H. b
United States Merchant Marine Academy(美国海运学院,院长是现已海军少将,毕业生从事航运业,但并非海军军官,位于纽约州金角)3 j' T4 ]/ w5 j5 l  J2 K

# t% u/ d& f. x# k5 P高级军事学院(Senior Military Colleges),用于训练预备军官团,毕业生按需要成为现役,其余进入预备役:
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3 i& g* C( W9 D) J; f4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生,这里public指公立,不一定是对非军人开放( }8 ~1 \3 v6 @8 G, e
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college). @1 P) N3 w% o& W# K! ~/ }
Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)
2 p' L, Y! a+ V6 y: }University of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)' `( d2 U; H* O% j8 P4 y# U/ J
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)
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( |0 s  h6 o0 E5 n0 E; I! ]' c/ L4 U1个只收ROTC学生
$ a9 P- e( D' \: j3 \Virginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college),巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生. Q" y( T4 f9 C% i7 W" [, X
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1个军民兼收的私立
2 ~" K1 L( Z( W8 @Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university)
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+ P- @7 D; _: f9 D州立海运学院,毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务,但是挂钩的:  M0 {! B" Z8 G. {6 G, d/ G- {

9 x( z+ m7 d5 \% q& O9 g: _% U1 tCalifornia State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)
3 K) T/ R5 A( b- s; M2 VGreat Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)
0 y( r7 I: ~: U5 RMaine Maritime Academy
% P" u- c3 e9 K7 i! u) }& r/ v5 CMassachusetts Maritime Academy9 k$ G& B5 h" `" j
State University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)+ y3 ^5 @1 e2 Y+ i# w+ c
Texas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System). j3 l. A5 u, Y# [; _4 e$ O

: i2 }( l3 _! f% x军事大专(Military Junior Colleges),这是很特别的东西,两年毕业,但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格:
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Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)6 o+ ?6 v! K9 l9 n; t# O6 l5 L7 T* V
Marion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)0 X  X" ?0 M* ]2 w# w0 N
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico)
% N$ J, a9 K1 u2 Q( [Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)4 ?/ E& P! |0 u% w0 W- g7 l. K3 b
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还有一大堆军事高中,为进军校准备的,都是私立的:% K# P0 ?5 T$ Z: E, r

  z" f- O/ s6 ]3 q0 o) rAdmiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)
6 Q+ o5 C4 s2 d7 P7 W  pAmerican Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)8 x. x& u, B$ j4 B3 M
Army and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)
1 O& ^/ P3 b+ F4 cBenedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)
1 O/ A& z, w) {2 ?Camden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)) `) I8 r8 z/ T" r$ N9 o" ^2 e
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)
7 i8 a' V) ]9 r/ i: M* b& qCulver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)' o& B0 ?+ W2 ]1 M* R
Fishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)
4 A7 _' T( M' ]$ M! I/ }Florida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)) V  Z% J  L4 ^3 @
Fork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)& H/ G. P. D* x7 _  L) d/ O- O; R
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)" h0 v" d2 Y4 {
Howe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)8 A" E: K3 P5 g; ?3 W
La Salle Institute (Troy, New York)1 r8 I2 }7 [  C) P0 Y+ x
Leonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)* T, a1 b* ^% {. y* N
Lyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama)4 q8 l) @0 s9 L! ~2 M. v
Marine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)  n* j8 T& f' C' I! a  C
Massanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)
! S5 W( r/ J0 O1 L! qMissouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)
( C  o8 ^% [& N$ D/ e5 h0 vNew York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational)
- T5 V8 R" R* tNorth Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)% H7 o2 S- A2 G0 S2 T
Oak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational): w( B- B/ k5 B2 _2 \" W
Randolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)
, m" {+ `5 O) @2 r+ ?Riverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia)& D' f" _: f$ ]  W5 ]* X/ K
San Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)
% F- g  l4 e1 G5 E3 h4 oSaint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)
' e% l8 u6 @+ W' t3 C# z4 KSt. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)! p! r3 i/ B* ~
St. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational): ~# H, {. s* t' q- p+ {; e
St. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)
( @4 ?; ^* [* E- {St. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin); R9 B1 r/ D/ L" C3 {  g
Southeastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)
+ z' d( p$ H2 p) ~+ @7 xTMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]
5 W( p$ A: {' S' p9 a6 \# qValley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)
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& R( i2 s% Y' L1 u4 i. H4 Z更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC(青少年ROTC)项目,在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练,为以后参军做准备:5 ^$ v0 @2 w3 G. n$ j5 O) ^5 E+ W
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Air Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois)
" J% o7 J9 t) k* U( v2 tBridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
4 _( G2 D0 z. a$ X7 i3 J* FCarver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)' e1 L+ g, F" _9 O6 d/ G4 V8 B
Chicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
" I7 H2 R2 o( d2 O7 YCleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)
- s1 H3 M5 e1 H9 Z; S) x, y$ i' ]Delaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)9 \! v9 q: @4 r3 }0 I. x; l' _
First State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)
' ~: u( y& c2 f7 t/ qFranklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]
. ?2 }# ?- ~( ^  O) B1 K( \0 `2 cGeorgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)
7 Y6 U3 A# @7 a$ A5 S$ R5 PHollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)
! q7 g: I9 O. V! PKenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]) h; ?) q8 Y2 R) K% L
Marine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey)
9 j: U# P' z5 k5 K5 B2 L. SMarine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
$ B- `( H. j" c- RNew Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)
$ J" P8 m; @3 L" N0 T4 SNew Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana): V2 L, _9 i0 U7 Y+ M' |
Oakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)- N. R& @* S3 S$ C$ D/ E; t
Philadelphia Military Academy[3]
8 {# L3 w2 V2 DPhoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
' Z6 i7 L9 _" T( j1 g  l# tRickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
  m5 b; c3 }' b  ^Sarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida). E6 {. s1 m9 I1 c" m. h
Summerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)
" a% i" U. _" h2 j8 I7 ZUtah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)
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/ P$ H+ U* q& y  y在另一头,则是各军种的研究生院:/ ]2 @8 A9 s2 a
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United States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas),陆军中级军官学校,下设School for Command Preparation,School of Advanced Military Studies,Command and General Staff School,School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics,郝柏村是这里毕业的
" E( b* Y- ^4 `) B) P" j/ {. ^United States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania),陆军高级军官学校,招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校9 x! t" l- p- K$ T
United States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)( [5 N" j# u  ~
Naval War College (Newport, Rhode Island),海军中高级军官学校,偏重指挥,下设College of Naval Warfare,Maritime Advanced Warfighting School,College of Naval Command and Staff
" f* z$ Z# L7 bNaval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California),更加偏重科技方面7 D, s! K) K; q) n+ {; m2 F& A& s
Marine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)
% j# v% _5 Q3 Y0 I, M( o8 KAir University (Montgomery, Alabama),空军中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Air War College,空军高级军官学校;School of Advanced Air and Space Studies,空天战争的研究生院;Air Command and Staff College,空军中级军官学校;Squadron Officer School,中队长学校;Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio),偏重科技
% U; u3 |4 o  k2 BNational Defense University (Washington, D.C.),三军联合,下设National War College,联合作战高级军官学校;Industrial College of the Armed Forces,偏重军工管理;Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia),联合作战中级军官学校
( a* ?8 F( x& q" W/ fMarine Corps University (Quantico, VA),陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Marine Corps War College,陆战队高级军官学校;School of Advanced Warfighting,陆战队的战术研究生班;Marine Corps Command and Staff College,陆战队中级军官学校;Expeditionary Warfare School,陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校: r  m' \8 t6 E- |0 @6 F- U$ o8 a

0 q' u+ C% Z; ]3 i6 }各种专门学校(如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……)就数不胜数了,也经常在变动中。
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绕晕了吗?我也是。
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 12:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 12:40
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:065 x, b3 B- y0 Q4 W
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
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好像不是,TG还是苏联式军校体制。
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 13:00
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了
作者: cooker    时间: 2020-6-21 13:01
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06
3 q4 T2 A) M$ H2 C4 q土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
: x5 w4 b5 @+ f9 z
土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少了很多,主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年,连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变,其体制沿革足可以写书了,更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校,说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义,但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 13:10
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00. A! j+ _1 j( ]5 z& }: M/ q' R+ u
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...

) e3 j: }3 w, l; k4 p. B: u他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 21:28
晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:10! V& E6 y' {+ `$ c6 z  O/ D% J& Z
他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?
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是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
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VMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 21:34
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:28
+ v' w5 k; O+ C( J$ E* ^& b是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
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$ G' Y/ \, j1 x% B9 x  TVMI最有 ...

  i8 l( c8 t6 v; K3 O( [( S# ]+ M嗯,怎么把他给忘了?不应该
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 22:30
cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01
$ T; t0 K' m( \2 O土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少 ...
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不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
7 ?/ e$ g. f  ]9 W$ Q赞这个观点。
0 q0 |- r& x2 W2 W. R以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的,也是很赞的。
作者: 中关村88楼    时间: 2020-6-21 23:31
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-22 00:01
中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31
0 o* m$ o. t- A+ L老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

) m* j# f. v+ f9 l* r/ p3 x( u呃,这个确实漏掉了,多谢补充
作者: 漂流瓶    时间: 2020-6-22 14:09
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:30
" q2 ~  O# \8 s不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
3 D2 F1 E) i. b% F4 X赞这个观点。4 i1 ?7 D6 U: E8 C$ }# Y8 S0 m
以前在天 ...

: K: z- o. e& }4 r. y3 D应该是西西河的票姚校尉
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-23 07:48
漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:09' z" t/ E9 T7 Z8 i9 i# B. L
应该是西西河的票姚校尉
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对。就是他。当时感慨不已。




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