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标题: 美国的军校制度 [打印本页]

作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 02:15
标题: 美国的军校制度
本帖最后由 晨枫 于 2020-6-20 14:00 编辑 8 W$ [5 ]+ f! ?8 X- a

* c5 p/ h; w- ?- x军迷没有不想往西点军校的,但又很少不被美国各种军校(school)、军事学院(academy)和军事大学(college、university)弄糊涂的,更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来,美国军事教育制度又完整,又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育,另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。8 w' k% P+ f2 }7 @( W% L6 A; ], f

; e0 n% Y1 d) n0 ?: F军种学院(Federal Service Academies),毕业生直接进入现役,美国海运学院除外:& K" T. ~( ^6 Y. n" N* W

1 p+ i1 Q' }' y& `9 XUnited States Military Academy(俗称西点军校,位于纽约州西点,里纽约市不远)
- @0 R4 C: X" d1 o; AUnited States Naval Academy(俗称安纳波利斯海军学院,位于马里兰州安纳波利斯)( f, T, s! X! m. J0 d  G3 W
United States Air Force Academy(一般就直译为美国空军学院,位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉), E+ q) k- f- ?9 x6 h5 Q: ~
United States Coast Guard Academy(美国海岸警卫队学院,位于康涅狄格州新伦敦)1 M7 `/ l4 K5 Y, Y; m/ N; v
United States Merchant Marine Academy(美国海运学院,院长是现已海军少将,毕业生从事航运业,但并非海军军官,位于纽约州金角)* g0 G3 l% \: j+ @" N9 s5 ^

: _- |" O; J$ a- P' U; m高级军事学院(Senior Military Colleges),用于训练预备军官团,毕业生按需要成为现役,其余进入预备役:1 O) |. R4 `; ?/ t

2 R5 L) Q, U7 d1 `4 z# E4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生,这里public指公立,不一定是对非军人开放0 Q* s& a- a4 ^1 X, x
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college)
( W% W/ `" V& J7 r/ H3 N4 DTexas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)" r+ y2 D# e9 x& |. \
University of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)
, S1 ]2 K, m6 WVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)7 a6 C  N5 J. i
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1个只收ROTC学生1 T7 k) n: _, F) I$ x, Q6 f
Virginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college),巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生
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* O, L! {7 a5 a% M1个军民兼收的私立  a. e4 ^: v& n/ s
Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university)2 K9 X& \5 K5 M2 }3 G9 F( L4 a

% T" M' H- x) }/ M/ r州立海运学院,毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务,但是挂钩的:
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California State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)6 e# D+ k9 ]6 V+ U/ h1 r  x
Great Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)9 d  }. N  d5 k; R
Maine Maritime Academy! j5 ?# t' K/ U' w! s) V. _$ N
Massachusetts Maritime Academy
. h8 q' s8 u2 z" E) TState University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)
# A( h. R, Q/ u1 gTexas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System)- f0 ^! ]- N2 x) T
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军事大专(Military Junior Colleges),这是很特别的东西,两年毕业,但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格:* j2 r$ z$ q9 H' \# i

6 y% S+ M- S/ I8 e9 g) Y: fGeorgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)" k9 u  ], {9 o6 m
Marion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)
% Q2 l4 _7 [  t; z9 s7 ANew Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico)5 B6 [, H) x0 p* i
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)" U9 W# e9 H" K$ |. |
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还有一大堆军事高中,为进军校准备的,都是私立的:0 m& P0 d4 U) ]

  b' I, [! d# L: MAdmiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)
  \3 I- X7 |# S9 z9 |4 E8 b. BAmerican Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)
; t, i1 T- u3 `, d5 ]Army and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)
+ T. ?$ T  Z4 z. @4 [. HBenedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)6 [: `6 T* g" R: {! U* O  B6 ^
Camden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)0 N" P. \3 B$ _' g- S& \
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)
0 t2 N; [# e3 `, `" W* gCulver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)2 u/ N% {4 O5 w& H$ @
Fishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)9 |8 K; m5 P8 d6 I0 w
Florida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)
* V1 k$ U6 y4 ?5 m" t0 hFork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)( T/ v, O0 L0 F8 b! K
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)! y+ G. q$ B0 h
Howe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)$ }# D; Z" v: b5 J
La Salle Institute (Troy, New York)" H& r6 M' r" ?  u: R3 o! W
Leonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)
$ K2 B$ N! D: Z% ^* f3 }Lyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama)+ i+ y1 v+ y6 V) z
Marine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)
' [& C  W) f! M! V1 _0 ?Massanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)
: t: S" M3 C# R3 m8 A9 H; f9 BMissouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)
, K" H: |/ U4 @New York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational)' I) T" o7 N0 T
North Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)
6 F  G6 e8 ^8 POak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational)9 o/ H. ]% K) R, n1 v
Randolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)
5 I( j' P0 V$ K- p; Z0 d2 ]Riverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia)7 R/ G- K) e' ?7 K* Q7 k
San Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)
$ T7 x, P- v  B( j- C0 NSaint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)
. A- k! n* w; C4 p" e$ {9 |St. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)+ B; a0 I8 `( }! X, D
St. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational)
: F* ?( g8 G8 d4 j# NSt. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)
* r- ^: q, e0 n, [$ ^, sSt. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)
2 C3 P" x: l8 dSoutheastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)
4 N, U* [. Q: v4 C, YTMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]4 b$ z  x* S. P$ v5 p
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)
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更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC(青少年ROTC)项目,在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练,为以后参军做准备:- I( M* w' h7 K6 l

3 r( v7 Y  }4 XAir Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois)" K* m" G& r- t# \' ]
Bridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)7 U& Y+ S" F# n4 B0 {. h
Carver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
) [) ~) \  w1 x* c. {( J+ t' c0 RChicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
  V* @' A( t8 M, K$ dCleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)8 _# D* G; \; @9 F
Delaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)
  R. ]. i" f: T$ ~First State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)  T. S7 T0 z+ w, R
Franklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]
) _. D9 `+ k0 r( fGeorgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)  N5 u$ v9 t9 ?. d* i! |
Hollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)
3 E( O* d; n; EKenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]
" _9 r" T, M+ X  u0 l; F& FMarine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey)5 t1 |( z8 Z9 f' p8 M0 I# n( M
Marine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
4 @! s# |5 H0 I$ yNew Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)
5 S4 ?) W8 i7 E+ h0 e' j4 ~New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana)
" U) a( h8 G& x2 WOakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)
; G6 U7 c5 A, O) z+ |Philadelphia Military Academy[3]2 C* B( r$ [% z  ~% N0 b  V( `) j
Phoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
9 S7 F$ d) Z' y1 V# G1 gRickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)3 r/ ^- L2 A" [, G& j) V
Sarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida)
' X+ Q. T3 }) m6 a" Y8 Y, aSummerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)
4 _; h, o6 i7 T0 W! A& _) vUtah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)8 B# W1 {: E( Y. |- V& |! e; U$ ~

. b. R0 N5 }2 k" W. z! k' K在另一头,则是各军种的研究生院:4 x3 a- F3 u! Y2 T1 l" O5 Y

& |2 s/ l! W0 L1 d! U. iUnited States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas),陆军中级军官学校,下设School for Command Preparation,School of Advanced Military Studies,Command and General Staff School,School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics,郝柏村是这里毕业的; h2 {1 q. v' _' j7 y' p
United States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania),陆军高级军官学校,招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校1 Z3 c3 V* o5 s+ Z" [% X
United States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)% X  P! U  S+ P# W
Naval War College (Newport, Rhode Island),海军中高级军官学校,偏重指挥,下设College of Naval Warfare,Maritime Advanced Warfighting School,College of Naval Command and Staff( R9 y3 C. v+ C0 J3 f* U
Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California),更加偏重科技方面
4 n) R5 s. }+ b  B2 ?7 R; ?Marine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)
7 m; ?/ p# _5 G' c7 ?Air University (Montgomery, Alabama),空军中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Air War College,空军高级军官学校;School of Advanced Air and Space Studies,空天战争的研究生院;Air Command and Staff College,空军中级军官学校;Squadron Officer School,中队长学校;Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio),偏重科技
, N( j4 l1 k( Q' tNational Defense University (Washington, D.C.),三军联合,下设National War College,联合作战高级军官学校;Industrial College of the Armed Forces,偏重军工管理;Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia),联合作战中级军官学校5 p1 W& L' `& y% w
Marine Corps University (Quantico, VA),陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Marine Corps War College,陆战队高级军官学校;School of Advanced Warfighting,陆战队的战术研究生班;Marine Corps Command and Staff College,陆战队中级军官学校;Expeditionary Warfare School,陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校
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- B& ~0 i/ w2 c. L; i/ P各种专门学校(如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……)就数不胜数了,也经常在变动中。& h' U1 k- n$ k. `

% ?- o1 |/ ]" [/ ?  c绕晕了吗?我也是。
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 12:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 12:40
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:06/ R* I, i5 |- k" y
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
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好像不是,TG还是苏联式军校体制。
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 13:00
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了
作者: cooker    时间: 2020-6-21 13:01
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06
8 k+ w+ Z+ H1 X- l" F  s$ Y土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
( N' M; s) m, L8 o% S7 S2 e# j. H2 I
土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少了很多,主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年,连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变,其体制沿革足可以写书了,更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校,说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义,但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 13:10
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00
4 `; M0 H; x9 AVirginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...

1 I6 c' Y9 Y- T. @* w他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 21:28
晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:10
7 \+ P4 a8 V9 Z7 ~8 R9 M他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?

. U) J( m* X" ~9 ]2 m4 ]* J* c2 H是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。" @  d/ K5 V, o, u9 z# ^

1 Z8 v3 Y; Q* S5 oVMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 21:34
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:28# U! r  l1 ~  y% C8 g9 \, I9 V
是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
) l5 l7 h& q1 w+ }, j5 `$ D8 e- Y* q+ K
VMI最有 ...

( U) L% l3 X$ m- I) z嗯,怎么把他给忘了?不应该
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 22:30
cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01, u+ B. U, ~( L4 z
土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少 ...

7 H+ m7 l6 L2 \! E; d* J不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。2 |+ u8 @$ _; `- B( w
赞这个观点。
: t, M& D" S% n以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的,也是很赞的。
作者: 中关村88楼    时间: 2020-6-21 23:31
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-22 00:01
中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31* Z6 _' l! g- @2 _3 e
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。
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呃,这个确实漏掉了,多谢补充
作者: 漂流瓶    时间: 2020-6-22 14:09
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:300 d( r% I4 p4 k) `( N2 V% d
不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。, v, s( ?2 o. o0 |( `" A" X" C% d6 L
赞这个观点。
1 [* I! r% J: B以前在天 ...
: T  P) T0 v* \* G
应该是西西河的票姚校尉
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-23 07:48
漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:09
/ J2 j3 Z+ S' f# b; B; v. U9 E应该是西西河的票姚校尉

! B1 g3 z+ ?# G% E对。就是他。当时感慨不已。




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