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标题: 美国的军校制度 [打印本页]

作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 02:15
标题: 美国的军校制度
本帖最后由 晨枫 于 2020-6-20 14:00 编辑 0 a1 F  d6 ]3 F0 @  m  t" Z8 X
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军迷没有不想往西点军校的,但又很少不被美国各种军校(school)、军事学院(academy)和军事大学(college、university)弄糊涂的,更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来,美国军事教育制度又完整,又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育,另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。
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, ~9 V3 }# [1 X军种学院(Federal Service Academies),毕业生直接进入现役,美国海运学院除外:( I. Z  s( l4 q1 c
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United States Military Academy(俗称西点军校,位于纽约州西点,里纽约市不远)
. m. U9 @) x" ~) U5 pUnited States Naval Academy(俗称安纳波利斯海军学院,位于马里兰州安纳波利斯)) h3 b  _4 h9 `  H4 ~3 |+ W  j* v* D
United States Air Force Academy(一般就直译为美国空军学院,位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉)
* W3 L0 [) l9 y$ V3 Q, ZUnited States Coast Guard Academy(美国海岸警卫队学院,位于康涅狄格州新伦敦): W" a& N7 W7 O% c! j# \3 O6 \
United States Merchant Marine Academy(美国海运学院,院长是现已海军少将,毕业生从事航运业,但并非海军军官,位于纽约州金角), ^  I6 \) N* G6 f  f/ T
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高级军事学院(Senior Military Colleges),用于训练预备军官团,毕业生按需要成为现役,其余进入预备役:0 h+ h, I; f0 ~) f+ [* T
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4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生,这里public指公立,不一定是对非军人开放
" [2 o$ {3 g4 R4 MThe Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college)
% O! Y$ v# F1 J: h8 Y$ LTexas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)
4 e* ~, \0 H1 f4 q4 VUniversity of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)( m3 S, O1 z1 A# B. Q
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)
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1个只收ROTC学生
4 v: `2 c' R& g7 c: TVirginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college),巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生' k* F3 a0 c' a/ M2 x

6 C$ _# T  w" i0 e7 {5 R! v( o9 l1个军民兼收的私立
9 e6 b) r) `$ c$ Q/ Y" @. w. B9 o6 u* kNorwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university), J8 g( K5 n) d
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州立海运学院,毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务,但是挂钩的:4 D1 d& d6 D( z4 `/ n; ?2 [, j% _* @

) j: f9 `( v, u- t/ Z5 i4 D; H7 BCalifornia State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)2 ~# e2 C) `5 S2 W: k* z  }9 l
Great Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)
' m* g: u+ `1 w- k. l. {Maine Maritime Academy
, \, b0 t+ B) M, e8 r9 j3 QMassachusetts Maritime Academy* Z. O5 t0 D) I* R7 i
State University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)
; X8 K/ Z2 F# J0 y6 A" m0 {Texas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System)# B- \3 t8 ~0 l5 f

5 a7 A# J  u3 \军事大专(Military Junior Colleges),这是很特别的东西,两年毕业,但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格:
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: t& f2 [; t8 T& _; W& ]Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)) Q4 N# D, s6 D+ r" P
Marion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)9 x& ]& {6 k8 m; D2 B
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico); L& P1 ?" j, J# [
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)3 |  K0 J; c! W  m

, F" [# N6 \# x" }/ p2 z还有一大堆军事高中,为进军校准备的,都是私立的:* {" E1 {: s, a8 I  k% ^; z2 m1 |! }3 ?+ G

5 H( n" `! @) s& ?! w: b  G# nAdmiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)6 F% a5 U& S' p+ ~+ U
American Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)& |* @7 D; Y, k8 s
Army and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)& o- R: o  ^7 w8 m% V  }
Benedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)
$ Z$ h3 E" p- }, ^  e! {Camden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)' R3 ?9 f; b+ X6 q; X/ R
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)7 G% D+ B0 f% o$ S0 Y9 K
Culver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)
$ i$ D2 s2 ~, `& @Fishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)
6 K/ ]) \" S+ eFlorida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)( I2 Z" t1 q! R* f6 y5 O6 E6 v
Fork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)
, y. H! G4 I; E& N4 [# NHargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
1 ]. W+ m+ d3 Z$ WHowe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)% {% ^- o1 q( D9 o' j3 Z7 W
La Salle Institute (Troy, New York)
) w; L# I/ v, z" f% H/ i3 ], F' _Leonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)8 Z# \1 \1 Z+ @, _/ \5 V0 J: [
Lyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama); T6 t% V# S" \5 U
Marine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)5 p, N$ B8 {' m2 i& R. l- s" H$ U9 e; I
Massanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)
$ q" R/ x2 G! c' n5 D8 VMissouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)' ?' J/ s7 q/ @& m0 }/ v/ H
New York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational); R) ?7 v# G) B7 o" u' m1 a
North Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)8 K# W4 x0 a# J, {/ {" u
Oak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational)/ j, E( h- S$ K3 d  B
Randolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)9 n4 h  O% B6 e; [+ u+ s! `6 T
Riverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia)( p2 ~  S5 z1 M3 l( ?+ a& s
San Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)1 y" c3 ~! z1 M9 r# }3 N$ W
Saint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)+ ?" Y' ]2 c: c( H8 t7 S7 Y1 }
St. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)$ h8 p2 w6 j, D2 ~
St. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational)7 X# T; {* q+ W; G5 G: ]
St. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)+ g$ u. H6 ~3 C* v2 ?
St. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)
$ B1 s: U/ ~5 K+ o% ^Southeastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)  |- |* g" r2 P
TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]! ~/ \" T; ]& b/ f3 t- R
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)
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0 G9 A" R# ~( k& M更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC(青少年ROTC)项目,在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练,为以后参军做准备:/ f! v5 J! `. M0 ~: n; b0 M

) o# a  P! \0 uAir Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois)5 I/ l! S$ _! [# l+ p
Bridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
- D0 k7 W; o& _2 OCarver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
  M3 o2 Z5 f4 l0 U+ S9 V4 lChicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
! L/ w+ N" d7 dCleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)* p7 u$ ?: [( N" e( o; ^% r  ~
Delaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)' B" w! _3 v/ K& h) i) |( j& U
First State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)* f. W. b) i9 ~( t$ }2 l5 k
Franklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]5 S' j3 ~1 H7 V$ q9 Z) X8 H7 S. J
Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)
% Q8 I0 S( F1 ?Hollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)4 C! D. l! q( @% t! s  g6 G5 i  N
Kenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]8 Q& X( T( H- W8 D1 l7 H  d) A
Marine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey)# h1 }, g- |& j! j4 P7 ?$ J6 a
Marine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
% A3 l: F+ ^# s( m8 \New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)
+ g& ?& j% u! H' B- BNew Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana); t$ s( ]: b; O5 X1 i5 {3 K- M
Oakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)# X- q' Y. w5 B9 B7 W0 Y* L; E
Philadelphia Military Academy[3]
! A# J$ @0 {, ]4 L% mPhoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
" r+ N) o" R4 I0 P4 eRickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
, `/ d# E; W* K9 k  w, g6 |0 ASarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida)6 T1 x  D1 T2 _' x3 S3 n
Summerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)" n- a3 p* X4 Y+ f" r' a7 e  A: `; }
Utah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)% T7 }& l8 y5 ?9 W/ R6 I
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在另一头,则是各军种的研究生院:3 k6 w) C, e7 I1 i$ y* W& i

! `% q: N) }' F8 wUnited States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas),陆军中级军官学校,下设School for Command Preparation,School of Advanced Military Studies,Command and General Staff School,School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics,郝柏村是这里毕业的
* c+ _/ r9 g# K/ HUnited States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania),陆军高级军官学校,招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校3 ?  W/ J) I4 k2 z+ l
United States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)0 U% X: f3 I. e9 S6 [
Naval War College (Newport, Rhode Island),海军中高级军官学校,偏重指挥,下设College of Naval Warfare,Maritime Advanced Warfighting School,College of Naval Command and Staff" h* r  ?/ w, j  t) e- O6 r
Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California),更加偏重科技方面& @! M, q1 d. M+ {9 x1 U9 f+ U
Marine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)+ M; `/ ]: U3 ]7 d% U; w
Air University (Montgomery, Alabama),空军中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Air War College,空军高级军官学校;School of Advanced Air and Space Studies,空天战争的研究生院;Air Command and Staff College,空军中级军官学校;Squadron Officer School,中队长学校;Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio),偏重科技5 k0 h; l4 ?) L) e
National Defense University (Washington, D.C.),三军联合,下设National War College,联合作战高级军官学校;Industrial College of the Armed Forces,偏重军工管理;Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia),联合作战中级军官学校; `1 `8 _& J) Z9 i) [5 b
Marine Corps University (Quantico, VA),陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Marine Corps War College,陆战队高级军官学校;School of Advanced Warfighting,陆战队的战术研究生班;Marine Corps Command and Staff College,陆战队中级军官学校;Expeditionary Warfare School,陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校) O5 r; |$ G& ]/ q; F4 Z) |
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各种专门学校(如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……)就数不胜数了,也经常在变动中。
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1 N, \/ c3 q, L3 v绕晕了吗?我也是。
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 12:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 12:40
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:06' V$ r+ _5 {9 Y& {  }2 o- G' {
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?

1 [+ b7 Y& R) E5 l1 h( ?好像不是,TG还是苏联式军校体制。
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 13:00
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了
作者: cooker    时间: 2020-6-21 13:01
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06
! l* R/ B6 C  e1 p/ f; b& Y/ F) z土共是不是也学米国这一套了?

  k. E; ]' U; k7 s土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少了很多,主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年,连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变,其体制沿革足可以写书了,更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校,说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义,但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 13:10
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00) k5 `5 e: h9 c- W
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...
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他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 21:28
晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:101 i8 j$ A9 K1 R* x' u
他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?
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是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
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VMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 21:34
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:282 [" }2 G& L7 M
是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。/ T' l" L4 e/ J5 J4 o

  b+ L: C, O6 D4 l& X0 ^VMI最有 ...

- m" X: m% \' `  A嗯,怎么把他给忘了?不应该
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 22:30
cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01/ G/ }4 _5 d+ _' k8 K% k
土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少 ...
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不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
3 S8 p4 S' M% s( `/ d8 A7 Y  i* }- a  X赞这个观点。
' t, F; G- ~1 B+ H7 q以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的,也是很赞的。
作者: 中关村88楼    时间: 2020-6-21 23:31
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-22 00:01
中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31
3 a& i2 C2 l5 j5 G6 }8 W* F$ a7 e老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。
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呃,这个确实漏掉了,多谢补充
作者: 漂流瓶    时间: 2020-6-22 14:09
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:30
# q# f9 l- V' e0 C$ W8 g% u不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。! R! s; _6 f/ m1 L6 ?1 U
赞这个观点。
) J, S% v+ _- W5 Z# O% `5 T% |以前在天 ...
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应该是西西河的票姚校尉
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-23 07:48
漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:096 _# [5 _: d$ h
应该是西西河的票姚校尉

: I- c: C* l! l对。就是他。当时感慨不已。




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