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标题: 美国的军校制度 [打印本页]

作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 02:15
标题: 美国的军校制度
本帖最后由 晨枫 于 2020-6-20 14:00 编辑
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# ^* J3 D: P' f8 h2 a3 Q军迷没有不想往西点军校的,但又很少不被美国各种军校(school)、军事学院(academy)和军事大学(college、university)弄糊涂的,更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来,美国军事教育制度又完整,又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育,另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。
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% e$ e2 ]& e' l1 P' {' e' \* v6 o% q军种学院(Federal Service Academies),毕业生直接进入现役,美国海运学院除外:
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United States Military Academy(俗称西点军校,位于纽约州西点,里纽约市不远)
4 n7 U( m9 b. U, V# a  iUnited States Naval Academy(俗称安纳波利斯海军学院,位于马里兰州安纳波利斯). G% G; g' W' R4 S
United States Air Force Academy(一般就直译为美国空军学院,位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉). \$ A: F+ d+ u. _/ t! F2 _: s$ w
United States Coast Guard Academy(美国海岸警卫队学院,位于康涅狄格州新伦敦)7 X+ D( O5 N+ N2 L
United States Merchant Marine Academy(美国海运学院,院长是现已海军少将,毕业生从事航运业,但并非海军军官,位于纽约州金角)
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高级军事学院(Senior Military Colleges),用于训练预备军官团,毕业生按需要成为现役,其余进入预备役:
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- P% T( Y' v+ T4 v2 }4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生,这里public指公立,不一定是对非军人开放
: M/ |& u& S; B; j7 n5 e1 v! H+ oThe Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college)5 e4 V& V8 X9 Y- X/ O% j; ?5 s) k
Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)
2 g9 ~% Z. ]2 @! ]' N8 }: N. yUniversity of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)8 M1 U7 u0 M/ f5 d: f4 j2 m
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)+ _; _3 S3 {) h7 ^7 C

) O' ~" N# c# x0 O1个只收ROTC学生
9 _+ y% c( T! I+ Y/ \Virginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college),巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生
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1个军民兼收的私立
% m2 {+ H4 L8 @Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university)
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州立海运学院,毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务,但是挂钩的:
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California State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)
, M- E8 V& W4 j6 n7 z: sGreat Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)% S" w2 }+ ~1 Z7 G2 q
Maine Maritime Academy: B9 |- o# ~' E9 H
Massachusetts Maritime Academy
5 S, d9 f( D4 F+ ?% YState University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)  Q' M3 N% S+ Y% I5 Q3 m. x* A/ o
Texas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System)6 x' x7 T) n; h- _
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军事大专(Military Junior Colleges),这是很特别的东西,两年毕业,但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格:9 R( u4 m  t% M, k4 Z; c2 a6 |* y& v

$ \8 Q& h: p$ e9 P9 z# FGeorgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)& L, Y' S+ `" q
Marion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)
3 s; x, L7 |* E# H8 V! @0 ANew Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico)6 k# D1 q8 k8 o" c; ?/ R; ]
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)
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还有一大堆军事高中,为进军校准备的,都是私立的:
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Admiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)
7 r4 C7 s  I$ @' R; VAmerican Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)! N, q1 W& O; G! ^
Army and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)3 H  x0 N- G" k, b0 }  M$ X$ b
Benedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)
% J$ S/ A: Z1 e) D$ D" }Camden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)- D" o1 r0 {* k8 ~: v
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)2 V! v8 r  w# Z# }1 \+ b
Culver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)
8 r& r1 S- v: F% _8 l4 WFishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)2 b3 c4 g: o, u& z# R, G
Florida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)
/ Y6 {% Y# d4 o3 Y, cFork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)9 h3 p* ~+ |+ ]
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
5 @9 W7 h+ P& j+ N- ^Howe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)! T3 o6 V- R3 c% t
La Salle Institute (Troy, New York): L( T9 r+ Z% w& z& L: n; h
Leonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)
" s& o4 k; P5 M' I: T$ q& Z  Q# FLyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama), R) J& E3 i6 E; H: F* r
Marine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)# {7 L, b5 n* V# S6 A* Z' b$ F
Massanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)2 [$ S  H3 {0 V6 W. t
Missouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)0 _$ y% b+ S- \3 t
New York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational)
: e& _7 ^/ E) l2 f/ T8 O5 U2 M) yNorth Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)7 s/ w0 p% f6 q7 n% y6 I; v1 W
Oak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational)* o$ v% R1 _& J. U8 @
Randolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)
3 {2 |( l6 P8 NRiverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia), ^+ e: z0 c+ D# p6 _0 x
San Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)
# K- O" E6 v8 S. s4 XSaint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)
" c; V% i' |- ^/ m2 V$ y* aSt. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)! m0 c. I3 b7 }1 W  a8 o0 ~4 E
St. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational)4 `6 J: q7 h% B! J
St. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)
4 I9 Z5 M+ ?1 y9 X1 K3 d: \5 KSt. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)4 E6 {9 F$ X. E
Southeastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)1 x/ q7 c" ]1 h8 P5 a* t# [. J) m4 V
TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]$ M6 {; _! e4 G
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)& T! p# U) ?+ r7 c: R

3 ~0 Y! B0 e7 t8 a8 O6 R更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC(青少年ROTC)项目,在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练,为以后参军做准备:
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2 E7 x; Y0 C6 O6 V1 wAir Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois): z3 |* ^3 Z3 ?* S7 l0 j4 o
Bridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
8 D6 X# y$ d0 B8 ]! t) _Carver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
# O  ^# a8 g" X3 u' \) E) h  T3 xChicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
0 K: j, ?7 d" }; zCleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)
2 \2 C8 X# ^* t3 M- w; E$ {Delaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)
0 d6 ]  L, Z2 k# ]/ x" yFirst State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)
- \1 \6 a& ~+ U9 i8 k( fFranklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]) y: p* P$ S! h$ K5 l: v
Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)
# Z9 @2 W' M0 _/ H$ X$ T! VHollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)
: E  G4 `0 Q, T! P; x1 p, c. mKenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]& R; U! w: B( H% m% ~+ b
Marine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey): g2 l2 }& t9 m  V, l0 [
Marine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)0 \: I4 g' G2 \) p2 M; n" |* ^2 `
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)& y) H  A& p* X) ~! k2 {
New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana)* g& b' z0 J4 t3 A% c) ], F9 @
Oakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)3 e' V$ U4 [* U9 d0 _
Philadelphia Military Academy[3]- X. ?* ^2 C$ r, z, w# k+ ~
Phoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
$ [7 Z# P9 b+ l7 |8 sRickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
* u5 ?$ W* P6 mSarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida)
. ]7 a/ k5 Y1 Y4 c! eSummerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)( ?3 V% _8 t$ _- l* ]% @
Utah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)! I' S! @3 @" P5 o! G9 J5 N

$ x* J$ @8 x0 V在另一头,则是各军种的研究生院:& P, h6 G; l& j8 M" t1 P
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United States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas),陆军中级军官学校,下设School for Command Preparation,School of Advanced Military Studies,Command and General Staff School,School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics,郝柏村是这里毕业的
$ b) `- A  j; i" HUnited States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania),陆军高级军官学校,招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校
9 f" Q) U, ^3 i% t4 b2 }United States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)' w$ R' q8 a8 G! }$ _# k+ _$ R6 j
Naval War College (Newport, Rhode Island),海军中高级军官学校,偏重指挥,下设College of Naval Warfare,Maritime Advanced Warfighting School,College of Naval Command and Staff3 q* ?5 [4 x; S
Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California),更加偏重科技方面
# K- r7 t+ [) L. j2 w1 nMarine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)
/ C2 H" T" e/ Y% O/ S. g; N! S  T/ jAir University (Montgomery, Alabama),空军中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Air War College,空军高级军官学校;School of Advanced Air and Space Studies,空天战争的研究生院;Air Command and Staff College,空军中级军官学校;Squadron Officer School,中队长学校;Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio),偏重科技
6 X9 @  E* b3 g6 |/ b, ^7 _# aNational Defense University (Washington, D.C.),三军联合,下设National War College,联合作战高级军官学校;Industrial College of the Armed Forces,偏重军工管理;Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia),联合作战中级军官学校  K) ], n+ h5 A. O  `! F
Marine Corps University (Quantico, VA),陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构,下设Marine Corps War College,陆战队高级军官学校;School of Advanced Warfighting,陆战队的战术研究生班;Marine Corps Command and Staff College,陆战队中级军官学校;Expeditionary Warfare School,陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校
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各种专门学校(如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……)就数不胜数了,也经常在变动中。
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绕晕了吗?我也是。
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 12:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 12:40
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:066 y" ?3 Q' `7 @7 W& u" l
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?

* S5 e% v( m0 m/ V6 J& M& J+ C8 t& y好像不是,TG还是苏联式军校体制。
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 13:00
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了
作者: cooker    时间: 2020-6-21 13:01
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06( N4 R' B) C; d) w4 h6 w$ a! f0 x
土共是不是也学米国这一套了?
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土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少了很多,主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年,连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变,其体制沿革足可以写书了,更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校,说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义,但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 13:10
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00# Z7 X9 v6 A; \- H( b) P9 q  n% E
Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧,一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...
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他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?
作者: 牛腰    时间: 2020-6-21 21:28
晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:10
+ u& R# ?& a' M/ z4 ]7 m3 z他的军衔更高,政治成就更大,但作为军人,他的战功好像不突出?

8 H9 G6 G0 w/ n% i0 o- _是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
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VMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-21 21:34
牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:28' ~8 y' {( u% _) v& G  y: \
是的,他是参谋型的军官,对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上,他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。- ]0 G" I; S7 `5 U* d

3 K8 O4 m* c7 m. [7 \VMI最有 ...

2 W) E  m& z+ V嗯,怎么把他给忘了?不应该
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-21 22:30
cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01
5 D+ {  k. z' T5 J% `土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html),比以前少 ...

# x7 q% z) ^2 {1 Q6 L不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。! E' p5 F7 I, n/ Z( L4 a) w5 h
赞这个观点。
9 c2 v! c* Y* \; l+ b- S- |' l以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的,也是很赞的。
作者: 中关村88楼    时间: 2020-6-21 23:31
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。
作者: 晨枫    时间: 2020-6-22 00:01
中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31+ i: G- Z1 |* k4 _5 ^3 v
老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

. V( n; |  \3 Z. l  t8 F: y呃,这个确实漏掉了,多谢补充
作者: 漂流瓶    时间: 2020-6-22 14:09
liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:30
1 u: c7 v6 s$ ^+ k& N  F, l; E不过铁打的营盘流水的兵,军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉,最不缺的就是人。
9 |% a, `/ I7 a& v. e赞这个观点。( o' ^$ ~/ j8 Z, P! `
以前在天 ...
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应该是西西河的票姚校尉
作者: liuqing098    时间: 2020-6-23 07:48
漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:09, k# I! k# `7 c- w7 b4 |
应该是西西河的票姚校尉

& K3 a& t: O  _/ P& u% ~% m/ X对。就是他。当时感慨不已。




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