法国学院派绘画（一）：William Adolphe Bouguereau
学院派，顾名思义，是深受美术学院正规绘画教育影响的画派。这个学院主要是指巴黎的法兰西艺术学院（Academie des Beaux-Arts）。当然，伦敦的皇家美术学院也是影响很大的，不过影响归根到底都来自巴黎。在17世纪前，有名的画家不少，但没有系统的美术教育，要么是自学成才的，要么是师傅带徒弟带出来的。16世纪在佛罗伦萨的美帝契家族开办了第一个美术学院，由最有成就的画家系统教授人体解剖到几何到绘画技巧。17世纪，法国建立了美术学院、音乐学院、建筑学院。19世纪，这三个学院合并成立艺术学院。这也是学院派影响最大的时代，用正规化的教育融汇新古典主义和浪漫主义艺术，建立典雅、正统的美术传统。现在认为学院派艺术僵化、教条、形式主义，是对想象力和自由表现的扼杀，但学院派对于系统化、正规化的贡献不可磨灭，这是美术从少数绝顶天才的灵机一动变为众多有才成才的途径，法国绘画在17-19世纪达到辉煌与学院派不可分割。其他欧洲国家（尤其是英国）的绘画也深受法国学院派的影响。在选题和立意上，学院派确实由拘泥于历史、神话、宗教和寓意的问题，但现在很多“有名但不知名”的名作实际上都出于学院派。William Adolphe Bouguereau是法国学院派的代表人物之一，他以飘逸、脱俗的人体出名，生前甚至得到“世界上最杰出的画家”的美誉，当然这是言过其词了。印象派兴起后，他的名望很快就消失了。
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Self_portrait%2C_by_William_Bouguereau.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Wave_%281896%29.jpg/1920px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Wave_%281896%29.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Birth_of_Venus_by_William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281879%29.jpg/1024px-The_Birth_of_Venus_by_William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281879%29.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_After_the_Bath_%281875%29.jpg/800px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_After_the_Bath_%281875%29.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/L%27Aurore_by_William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_-_BMA.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Les_murmures_de_l%27Amour%2C_William-Adolphe_Bouguereau.jpg/800px-Les_murmures_de_l%27Amour%2C_William-Adolphe_Bouguereau.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/William_A._Bouguereau_-_La_Frileuse_-_1879.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_A_Young_Girl_Defending_Herself_Against_Eros_%281880%29.jpg/800px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_A_Young_Girl_Defending_Herself_Against_Eros_%281880%29.jpg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/William_Adolphe_Bouguereau%2C_Fishing_For_Frogs%2C_1882._Oil_on_canvas.jpg
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最早直到William Adolphe Bouguereau是在哈瓦那的国家美术馆里看到这幅画，深为震惊，那种轻灵、脱俗、圣洁是罕见的。这幅画也恰巧是他最有名的代表作之一
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Bouguereau-Evening_Mood_1882.jpg
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